https://wwgy.lanzouo.com/iK45Q32t2d7c
密码:cwha
一、不常见短语用法（SAT高频考点）
in turn 表示"轮流；相应地" Each team presented their ideas, and in turn, received feedback.（依次）
to that end 表示"为此目的"（正式） We need more funding. To that end, we prepared a proposal.
that is 即，换句话说（=i.e.） He prefers classics—that is, books written before 1900.
that said 尽管如此（=however） The movie was long. That said, its plot was brilliant.
注意：
that is 通常用逗号/破折号隔开，用于解释前文。
that said 必须独立成句，后接逗号。
二、定语从句（定从）完全规则
- 限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
限制性定从用于限定名词，不可删除 无逗号
The book that you lent me is great.（特指"你借的那本"）
非限制性定从 补充信息，可删除 加逗号
Bruce, who is an archaeologist, went to Singapore.（Bruce身份补充）
SAT高频考点：
非限制性定从只能用which/who，不能用that：
❌ The book, that was expensive, is lost.
✅ The book, which was expensive, is lost.
- 关系代词选择
先行词 关系代词 例句
人 who/whom/whose The artist who painted this is famous.
物/动物 which/that The cake that she baked was delicious.
地点 where This is the park where we met.
时间 when I remember the day when you came.
原因 why Tell me the reason why you lied.
注意：
whose 可修饰人或物：
The house whose roof was damaged is being repaired.
三、标点符号规则
- 冒号（:）
使用场景：
- 解释说明（后接完整句子，首字母大写）
-Road construction has hindered travel: Parts of Main Street are closed.
- 引出列表/同位语/引用（前需独立分句）
- *She bought groceries: milk, bread, and cheese.
- His motto was clear: "Never give up."
- 多句子解释（每个句子首字母大写）
- The problem was serious: First, funds were low. Second, morale was worse.
⩩⩩⩩ 4.冒号前必须是完整句子（❌ Napoleon said: → ✅ Napoleon said,）⩩⩩⩩
分号（;）
使用场景：
连接关联独立分句（无连词）
- The rain stopped; the sun came out.
已有逗号的系列中进一步分隔**
- Cities visited: Paris, France; Rome, Italy; Tokyo, Japan.
连接副词开头时（however/therefore/for example）
- She was tired; however, she kept working.
破折号（—）
使用场景：
强调插入内容（前后加破折号）
- The answer—so obvious now—was missed by everyone.
同位语含逗号时
- The tools—a hammer, nails, and tape—were missing.
- 逗号（,）
核心规则：
| 并列三个及以上项 | He teaches Japanese, Chinese, and English. |
| 两个形容词修饰名词 | She was a thin, agile athlete.（=thin and agile） |
| 状语从句前置 | If you text while driving, you’ll crash. |
| 非限制性定语从句 | Bruce, an archaeologist, went to Singapore. |
| 对比短语 | The movie was filmed in China, not Japan. |
| 插入语 | The solution, however, was incorrect.
易错点：
- 限制性定从无逗号：The book that you lent me is great.（限定"哪本书"）
- 非限制性定从加逗号：The book, which was expensive, is lost.（补充信息）
二、主谓一致
就近原则
适用连接词：
or / either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also
- Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.
- Not only the dog but also the cats are hungry.
就远原则
适用插入结构：
with / along with / as well as / rather than
- The CEO, along with the managers, is responsible.
- Your essay, not your grades, determines admission.
三、虚拟语气
- 基本结构
时间 条件从句 主句 例句
现在 If + 过去式 would/could/might + 动词原形 If I were you, I would go.
过去 If + had done would have done If he had studied, he would have passed.
将来 If + were to/should would + 动词原形 If it should rain, we would cancel.
- 特殊形式
• 倒装虚拟（省略if）：
o Were I you (=If I were you), I’d refuse.
o Had they known (=If they had known), they’d have helped.
• wish的用法：
o 现在：I wish I knew the answer.（但实际不知道）
o 过去：I wish you had come.（但你没来）
• It’s time：
o It’s time we left.（= should leave）
四、倒装结构
- 完全倒装
结构： [地点副词/介词短语] + 谓语 + 主语
• Here comes the bus.
• On the wall hangs a map.（⚠️ 主语决定动词单复数：On the wall hang two maps.）
- 部分倒装
触发词 例句
否定词开头 Never have I seen such a mess.
Only + 状语 Only then did he realize the truth.
So + adj/adv So fast does light travel that...
Not only...but also Not only is she smart, but also kind.
五．独立主格与with结构
独立主格结构
此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语义不通。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，
例子：
Being ill in bed, I can’t go to school.
Mother being ill in bed, I can’t go to school.
独立主格结构形式可以表示原因、理由、条件和伴随等等
例句：
He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him
Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
= If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
School being over, the boys went home.
= When school was over, the boys went home.
The sun having set, we arrived at the station
= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
注意：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如we one you等时，主语可以省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中。
Generally speaking
Strictly speaking
Speaking of……
Judging from……
If we judge from his face, he must be ill==judging from his face, he must be ill.
With 的复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句子中做状语（表示原因、方式、伴随等等）和定语，做定语时紧跟被修饰名词后。
- With—名词—介词短语
The woman with a baby on the back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
- With---名词---形容词
With the door open, he left the classroom.
- With—名词---介词
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
- With—名词—分词（现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动）
With the guide leading us, we got to the village
The boy was crying， with the vase broken.
- With—名词---不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.
注意事项
独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
六、逻辑主语一致性
1.非谓语动词（doing/done）的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致
错误：Running down the street, the dog chased me.（=狗在跑？）
正确：Running down the street, I was chased by the dog.
- 分词短语：
-Having finished homework, he played games.（he完成作业）
- 介词+doing：
- By studying hard, you can pass. (you学习）
- 形容词开头：
-Exhausted, the team quit. （team感到疲惫）
- 同位语结构（Appositive Phrase）
句首是一个名词短语，用来说明后面的主语。
例句：A famous pianist, Emily has performed worldwide.
错误类型：
插入的同位语和主语混淆，不影响主谓一致，但容易误判成主语。
七、高频连接词辨析
Still 尽管...仍然（转折） It’s risky; still, we’ll try.
Indeed 其实（递进） |He’s smart. Indeed, he’s a genius.
Instead 相反 He didn’t apologize. Instead, he left.
Likewise 同样地 She dances well; likewise, her sister.
八、古英语代词
- thou = 你（主格）
- thee = 你（宾格）
- thy = 你的
九、引语
直接引语（direct speech）
定义：直接引用对方说的话，用引号标出。
写法规则：
- 引号：用英文双引号。例如：
Frank said, "You are a good boy."
- 标点位置：
- 引述动词在前：Frank said, "You are a good boy."
- 引述动词在后："You are a good boy," said Frank.
- 引语被打断："You," said Frank, "are a good boy."
- 大小写：引号内第一句话首字母要大写。
- 正确："You are kind."
- 错误："you are kind."
间接引语（Indirect Speech）
定义：转述原话，不用引号。通常引导词为 that（可省略）。
基本写法：
• 直接引语：He said, "I am tired."
• 间接引语：He said (that) he was tired.
间接引语的时态变化
直接引语 间接引语
am / is → was "I am happy." → He said he was happy.
are → were "You are ready." → She said we were ready.
do / does → did "He does well." → They said he did well.
will → would "I will help." → She said she would help.
have done → had done "I have seen it." → He said he had seen it.
过去完成（had done）不变 "I had eaten." → She said she had eaten.
真理类不变 "The sun rises in the east." → He said the sun rises in the east.
人称与时间变化
• "I am fine." → She said she was fine.
• "You look great." → He told me I looked great.
• now → then, today → that day, here → there, tomorrow → the next day
疑问句与祈使句转换
- 一般疑问句："Are you ready?"
→ He asked if I was ready.
- 特殊疑问句："Where do you live?"
→ She asked where I lived.
- 祈使句："Open the door."
→ He told me to open the door.
否定：He told me not to open the door.
常见错误提醒
• 错："She said she is happy."（应为过去）
正：She said she was happy.
• 错："He told that he was late."（tell 必须接人）
正：He told me he was late. / He said that he was late.
